Korosi Mikroba pada Infrastruktur Logam: Tantangan dan Strategi Pengelolaan Berkelanjutan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38043/natapalemahan.v1i2.5652Keywords:
bakteri pereduksi sulfat (SRB), biofilm, korosi mikroba (MIC), mitigasi korosi, spektroskopi impedansi elektrokimia (EIS)Abstract
Korosi mikroba (MIC, microbiologically influenced corrosion) merupakan masalah pelik di berbagai industri, khususnya pada sektor minyak dan gas, infrastruktur kelautan, dan pengolahan air, karena aktivitas mikroba mempercepat degradasi permukaan logam secara signifikan. MIC umumnya oleh bakteri, arkea, dan jamur yang membentuk biofilm pada logam, dan menyebabkan reaksi elektrokimia lokal yang memicu korosi. Tinjauan ini berfokus pada mikroorganisme utama yang terlibat dalam MIC, seperti bakteri pereduksi sulfat (SRB, sulfate-reducing bacteria), bakteri pengoksidasi besi (IOB, iron-oxidizing bacteria), dan metanogen, serta menjelaskan bagaimana faktor lingkungan, seperti ketersediaan oksigen, konsentrasi nutrisi, pH, suhu, dan salinitas, mendukung pertumbuhan mikroba dan korosi logam. Berbagai metode deteksi MIC dievaluasi, seperti analisis mikrobiologi, metode elektrokimia seperti spektroskopi impedansi elektrokimia (EIS, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), metode uji non-destruktif, serta teknologi sensor real-time. Selain itu, strategi mitigasi MIC, seperti penggunaan material tahan korosi, pelapis antimikroba, biosida, dan sistem perlindungan katodik, dibahas secara rinci. Teknologi baru seperti pelapis pintar (self-healing), nanomaterial, dan sistem bioelektrokimia juga disebutkan sebagai solusi menjanjikan untuk pengelolaan MIC yang lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan. Dengan mengintegrasikan metode deteksi dan mitigasi yang canggih, industri dapat melindungi infrastruktur penting dari dampak jangka panjang korosi mikroba dan mengurangi secara signifikan biaya akibat kerusakan oleh MIC.
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