Holistica Pharmatica Scientia

Uji Identifikasi dan Efektivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak n-Heksana Kelopak dan Mahkota Rosella Merah (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Gusti Ayu Dewi Lestari, Ni Ketut Esati — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Antioxidants are compounds that can protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Red roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a plant known to possess antioxidant activity capable of inhibiting free radicals that lead to degenerative diseases. It contains flavonoid compounds that act as natural antioxidants.Objective: This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and the components of the n-hexane extract of red roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) flowers that function as antioxidants. This study utilized the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay via the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method.Methods: The calyces and petals of red roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) were extracted through maceration using an n-hexane solvent at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v). The obtained extract underwent phytochemical screening through preliminary crude drug (simplisia) testing and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), followed by an antioxidant activity test using DPPH.Results: The calyx and petal extract of red roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) tested positive for flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The IC50 value and the AAI (Antioxidant Activity Index) value obtained were 284.589 ppm and 0.12, respectively.Conclusion: Based on these values, it is concluded that the n-hexane extract of the calyces and petals of the red roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) flower has weak antioxidant activity.

Pengaruh Lama Waktu Fermentasi Terhadap Karakteristik Kombucha Sari Buah Stroberi

Ni Ketut Esati, Gusti Ayu Dewi Lestari, Kartini Pratiwi — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Strawberries contain polyphenol compounds and vitamin C that function as antioxidants. The innovation of strawberry juice kombucha, fermented over different durations, will affect the properties of the beverage itself. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of fermentation duration on the characteristics of strawberry juice kombucha, evaluated through organoleptic testing, hedonic testing, pH, alcohol content, and total lactic acid bacteria. Method: This study utilized a laboratory experimental approach. The stages included producing strawberry juice kombucha with fermentation times of 7, 10, and 12 days, followed by characteristic evaluations for each sample. Results: Organoleptic testing revealed that all three samples exhibited a pale red color with cloudy sediment from the strawberry juice. They possessed a tuak-like aroma (a characteristic sour and sweet fermentation scent) with a faint trace of alcohol, and a slightly sour, sweet, and carbonated taste with a diminished strawberry flavor. The pH test showed sequential results of 3.16, 2.95, and 2.71 on days 7, 10, and 12, respectively. The alcohol content for the beverages fermented for 7, 10, and 12 days was 0.03%, 0.12%, and 0.05%, respectively, while the total lactic acid bacteria counts were 0.136 × 10⁶, 0.0006 × 10⁶, and 0.001 × 10⁶ CFU/mL. Conclusion: The fermentation duration of strawberry juice kombucha affects the resulting characteristics, as observed through changes in pH, alcohol content, and lactic acid bacteria concentration levels.

Skrining Fitokimia dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.)

Elisabeth Oriana Jawa La, Ni Luh Putu Kris Monika Yanti, Putu Ririn Andreani — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Green betle, or scientifically known by its Latin name Piper betle L., is a traditional plant that has been widely utilized by the general public. Its rich content of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and essential oils suggests that this plant possesses numerous pharmacological effects. Ethnopharmacologically, green betle leaves are extensively used for their antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study aims to identify the secondary metabolite content present in green betle leaves and determine their total flavonoid content. Methods: Extraction was carried out using a maceration method with 96% ethanol as a solvent for 3 (three) days. The filtrate was evaporated using a rotary evaporator. Phytochemical screening was carried out using reagents and then continued with the determination of total flavonoid levels using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of betle leaves yielded positive results for flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids. The average total flavonoid content of the green betle leaf ethanolic extract was found to be 1.18% quercetin equivalent. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of green betle leaves contains secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and steroids, with a total flavonoid content of 1.18%.

A Narrative Review of the Cost-Effectiveness of Bevacizumab in Colorectal Cancer Treatment

Putu Ayuning Dinda Nirmalayanthi, I Kadek Suardiana, Komang Dirga Mega Buana — Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies globally and a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has demonstrated clinical efficacy in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic CRC (mCRC). However, its high cost raises concerns regarding cost-effectiveness, particularly in resource-limited settings. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy through a narrative review of recent economic evaluations. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect to identify studies published between 2020 and 2025. Six eligible studies were included, most of which were conducted in high- or upper-middle-income countries. Data on incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds were extracted and analysed. Results: All studies used ICERs as the primary outcome and applied country-specific WTP thresholds. The majority concluded that adding bevacizumab was not cost-effective, primarily due to high ICERs exceeding WTP thresholds. Although clinical benefits such as improved progression-free and overall survival were reported, the economic value of bevacizumab remains limited due to its high cost, complex manufacturing, and originator pricing. One study suggested potential cost-effectiveness with biosimilar bevacizumab, and another supported optimized dosing strategies. Conclusion: In conclusion, while bevacizumab offers clinical advantages, its addition to standard chemotherapy in mCRC is generally not cost-effective under current pricing. Further context-specific research is needed to support informed decision-making, especially in constrained healthcare systems

A Descriptive Study of Treatment Patterns in Post-Fracture Osteoporosis Patients at a Hospital in Denpasar

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Post-fracture osteoporosis is associated with increased morbidity and risk of recurrent fractures, particularly in elderly patients. Information regarding fracture patterns and treatment practices in Indonesia remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to describe fracture patterns and medication use in patients with post-fracture osteoporosis at a hospital in Denpasar, Indonesia. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted using medical records of hospitalized patients diagnosed with post-fracture osteoporosis between 2022 and 2024. Data collection was performed from August to October 2025. Total sampling was applied based on eligibility criteria, such as diagnosed with post-fracture osteoporosis and receiving therapeutic care. Demographic characteristics, fracture locations, clinical manifestations, and medication use were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 15 patients were included in the study. The majority were elderly males (>53%). Hip fractures and lower extremity fractures were the most common sites, each accounting for 33,3% of cases, followed by upper extremity fractures (20,0%) and spinal fractures (13,3%). Pharmacological management was predominantly symptomatic, with etoricoxib being the most frequently prescribed analgesic (75%). Eperisone was the only muscle relaxant used (33,3%), while calcium–vitamin D supplementation was administered to some patients as supplements (13-33%). Conclusion: Hip and lower extremity fractures were the most common in patients with post-fracture osteoporosis, with treatment mainly focused on symptomatic management. The limited use of disease-modifying therapy suggests a gap between clinical practice and guideline-recommended long-term osteoporosis care.

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Sawo (Manilkara zapota) terhadap Escherichia coli dengan Metode Difusi Cakram

Putu Ririn Andreani, Ni Luh Putu Kris Monika Yanti, Elisabeth Oriana Jawa La — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: The increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has become a serious challenge in the healthcare sector, encouraging the exploration of alternative antibacterial agents from natural sources, one of which is sapodilla leaves (Manilkara zapota). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the ability of sapodilla leaf extract to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli at various concentrations. Methods: The study was initiated by determining the moisture content of the simplicia, calculating the extraction yield, and conducting phytochemical screening, followed by antibacterial activity testing using the disc diffusion method at extract concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50%. Results: The results showed that the sapodilla leaf simplicia had a moisture content of 7.7% and contained secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The sapodilla leaf extract inhibited the growth of E. coli, with mean inhibition zone diameters of 11.3 mm, 11.7 mm, and 12.0 mm at concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively. The inhibition zone diameter increased with increasing extract concentration. Conclusion: Sapodilla leaf extract has the potential to serve as a natural antibacterial agent against E. coli.