The Utilization of Twitter in The Anticipation of Covid-19 Hoax News in Yogyakarta City

ABSTRACT


Introduction
As far as we are aware, the current period of openness is marked by transparency in every facet of life, free from distance and national boundaries that would otherwise impede communication with people anywhere in the globe.Make sure that all information that is available to the public is readily available, timely, and easy to obtain.Openness has a significant influence on social media these days, particularly Twitter, where users may readily and swiftly share news and voice their thoughts.The right to free speech must be coupled with a responsibility to verify the accuracy of the information shared.Data-based information is unquestionably verifiable, making it valid for expression.Many things regarding the corona virus remain unclear or the truth is still unknown in light of the Covid-19 epidemic (Pulido et al., 2020).People who trust this false information and attempt to disseminate it in an effort to learn the truth firsthand contribute to its growth.This is what eventually led to the propagation of false information regarding the corona virus on social media, particularly Twitter (Obeidat et al., 2022).As of March 12, 2020, 196 frauds linked to the corona virus were filed on various social media platforms, according to the Ministry of Communication and Information (Kominfo).According to Johnny G. Plate, secretary of communication and information technology, Facebook and Twitter are the primary platforms for the transmission of phony corona infections.
According to a University at Buffalo study, fewer than 10% of Twitter users exhibited skepticism in response to bogus messages.This study has led to the knowledge that fake news spreads quickly on the social network Twitter.It is data validation, not fraud, that is needed in this transparent era.In the Oxford Dictionary defines deception as a wicked or comical trick or joke.Cheating is fake news in the KBBI.False information or communications that have been manipulated or manufactured but may still contain facts are known as spoofs.False information has the potential to drive people against one another and destabilize social media.False information with questionable veracity will have disastrous effects on society as a whole since it can incite conflict and negatively affect users of social media (Igwebuike & Chimuanya, 2020).Utilizing social media has the benefit of making it a tool for information storage that is simple to post on social networks.It was with great pleasure that we learned of this information shortly after the incident.However, social networks can also be a source of negative impacts due to crimes like fraud, murder, rape, kidnapping, and so on.One of them is the ease with which baseless claims and statements that fall under the category of "fake news" can be created.Social media use can aid in bridging the gap between traditional and modern society, particularly by disseminating news and information about global events.More and more people are hearing about the Covid19 pandemic in 2020-more specifically, since March 2020.Social media is essential for the government to participate in this open era.Two of these roles are assisting in resolving Cases involving COVID-19 and how the government manages them (Al-Rawi et al., 2019).
Social media can be used as a vehicle for communication between communities and between society and the state to voice grievances and other requests, in addition to its strategic role in information shifting.As a means of conversation, criticism, and feedback, various internet and social media platforms are more effective and valuable since they are user-friendly and versatile.However, everyone in society should be urged to use social media in an ethical manner.Additionally, there are general media users who utilize this platform for a variety of bad purposes that could hurt all parties-the government as well as the people-and cause harm to themselves.The advancement of information and communication technology in the modern period, which we frequently utilizesocial media in the context of COVID-19-brings both negative and beneficial effects.Information is distributed quickly through a variety of social media platforms, and manufacturing and distribution are carried out in such a swift and extensive manner.But yesterday was really hectic since there were a lot of fake news stories regarding COVID-19 on Twitter (Ahmad et al., 2020).
Furthermore, studies conducted by psychologists have discovered that fake news might have negative impacts on mental health, such as B. PTSD, fear, and violence (Wisnubrata, 2019).Because readers' emotional responses to fake news can be triggered, particularly given how impulsive Indonesians can be when searching for different corona virus-related material.Moreover, it may have an impact on depressive, anxious, angry, or mistrustful sentiments.The proliferation of false information on social media, particularly Twitter, caused by the corona virus is expected to raise public anxiety on the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic."Yeah, I saw the Corona hoax on Twitter, which surfaced at the start of the Corona crisis and was said to spread through casual hand contact or eye contact.Of course, it can cause anxiety and panic."Arlisha added.Consequently, we worry a great deal when we meet new people rather than concentrating on preserving our immunity.First and foremost, fear-or rather, a weakened immune system-is ultimately what concerns us (Twitter results -from user interviews, February 23, 2021).It would be unfortunate if the information was false, particularly if it was combined with a title that seemed to mislead the reader and eventually turn them into a bad opinion.obtaining unfavorable views, slander, hate speech that targets or intimidates others, makes threats, or otherwise negatively impacts the reported entity in a way that could jeopardize its standing and result in direct financial losses (Li & Su, 2020).
Therefore, the large amount of the fake information that surfaced during COVID-19 poses a serious risk.Furthermore, since it is so simple for individuals to believe fake news disseminated on Twitter, the negative information arising from Covid-19 hoaxes has an adverse effect not only on Twitter but also offline.This research will establish the formulation of the problem pertaining to "what is the role of Twitter in overcoming the spread of hoax Covid 19 news in the city of Yogyakarta," as per the explanation in the preceding section.The purpose of this study is to determine how public discourse on Twitter contributes to the detection of fake news about COVID-19.It is intended that readers' knowledge will grow as a result of this research, with theoretical and practical benefits.The research's theoretical utility is considered valuable as a source of extra information and in the context of communication science's evolution, particularly with regard to social media.In addition, this course needs to be able to enhance and expand on students' knowledge of academic study practices in connection to communication theory courses.
The practical advantage of this research is the expectation that scholars and the general public will be aware of and comprehend the function of public discourse on Twitter in predicting the dissemination of false information.But because people find it so easy to believe bogus news broadcast via Twitter, it also has a negative effect in real life.The purpose of this study is to formulate the question, "What is the role of Twitter in overcoming the spread of Covid 19 hoax news in the city of Yogyakarta?," in light of the explanation provided in the preceding section.The purpose of this study is to determine how public discourse on Twitter contributes to the detection of fake news about COVID-19.It is intended that readers' knowledge will grow as a result of this research, with theoretical and practical benefits.The research's theoretical utility is considered valuable as a source of extra information and in the context of communication science's evolution, particularly with regard to social media.
In addition, this course needs to be able to enhance and expand on students' knowledge of academic study practices in connection to communication theory courses.The practical advantage of this research is the expectation that scholars and the general public will be aware of and comprehend the function of public discourse on Twitter in predicting the dissemination of false information.But because people find it so easy to believe bogus news broadcast via Twitter, it also has a negative effect in real life.The purpose of this study is to formulate the question, "What is the role of Twitter in overcoming the spread of Covid 19 hoax news in the city of Yogyakarta?" in light of the explanation provided in the preceding section.The purpose of this study is to determine how public discourse on Twitter contributes to the detection of fake news about COVID-19.It is intended that readers' knowledge will grow as a result of this research, with theoretical and practical benefits.The research's theoretical utility is considered valuable as a source of extra information and in the context of communication science's evolution, particularly with regard to social media.In addition, this course needs to be able to enhance and expand on students' knowledge of academic study practices in connection to communication theory courses.The practical advantage of this research is the expectation that scholars and the general public will be aware of and comprehend the function of public discourse on Twitter in predicting the dissemination of false information.
It is claimed that Twitter is a social network where members can post up to 140 words in their tweets, according to Basri (2017).There are differences as well as parallels between Facebook and Twitter.Facebook and Twitter are social networking sites that are helpful for interacting with one another, which is what unites them.October 2, 2017, Page 10 users interacting with one another.The distinction is that Twitter only permits 140 characters in messages, but Facebook members can only send 400.In the past, Jack Dorsey initiated the founding of Twitter, which was introduced in March 2006 and quickly gained popularity among users.Furthermore, Twitter was able to rank among the most popular pages in 2014.With 150 million active users, Twitter had a sharp rise in popularity in 2012.since the beginning.Twitter had more than 600 million users as of 2014.Wikipedia states that there were 350 million tweets sent every day in the beginning of 2013.Right now, the most popular social network is Twitter.One could argue that Twitter is a rival to Facebook, which was once widely used by the public but gained popularity across a variety of social groups following its founding.Originally, Jack Dorsey attended New York University as a student.Only in July 2006 was Twitter made accessible to the general public, having previously only been meant as a special service for Ordereo personnel.Over 400,000 tweets were sent every day in 2007; by 2010, over 75,000 applications had been made.Before 2014, Twitter's appearance underwent numerous adjustments before taking on an exceptionally stunning appearance.Many businesses, including well-known and sizable ones like Google, 15 8 Bing, Yandex, and others, have also partnered with Twitter.Because its users are more easily identifiable, Twitter adds new features on a regular basis.The features of Twitter are: 1. Tweet: Sending and displaying user tweets is the primary purpose of Twitter.2. Following: This is the primary purpose of using Twitter to follow friends or family.3. Followers: With this tool, you can see who has followed you.4. Your bio, or the section of your profile where your message is shown.5. Profile, which includes the primary function of displaying a bio or avatar for the profile.In addition, users get access to a number of functions.The trending function on Twitter makes it simple for users to discover which tweets are the most popular-those that have received the most retweets-and it also makes it very easy for users to establish friends and engage with other users.Taufiqurrohman (2018) defines "hooks" as a prank, hoax, fake news, incorrect information, or rumor.On the other hand, misinformation refers to news that does not accurately reflect the current reality or situation (matriële waarheid).For this reason, it is possible to define fraud as the term for false information.Whether or not the word "hoax" is an acronym for specific terms, it is derived from English words that have distinct meanings.Despite the fact that Wikipedia's definition of cheating is based on this explanation: 68 9 "An attempt to mislead readers or listeners into believing something or the news presented is known as false reporting.Examples that come up quite a bit have to do with a statement made regarding an item or occasion.A sleight of hand that is intended to amuse is undoubtedly distinct from a false report that is communicated or reported by having a name other than the name of the title or event.Because the listener or audience is made unaware that they are being misled by this misleading story.
The most well-known theory in mass communication is the Uses and Gratification Theory (U & G Theory), which essentially demonstrates how the mass media process responds to the social and personal requirements of society rather than merely modifying and directing people's views or behavior.U&G theory was initially created by Kazt and Gurevic as a model of media consumption and pleasure.It was developed in the 1960s and first published in 1947.Herbert Blummer and Elihu Kazti make the theoretical supposition that the mass media actively influences how people choose and consume media.
In Indonesia, the fake phenomena have become more widespread, particularly on social media platforms.People who are aware that the truth is unknown can become uneasy when there is deception.Since the rapid spread of fraud in society on social networks is made possible by the advancement of information and communication technologies.Furthermore, Twitter has become one of the most popular platforms for disseminating false information due to the large number of users abusing the service.Twitter is simple to use on a smartphone or cell phone.Nearly everyone on the planet has a Twitter account these days, with the exception of Indonesians.During the Covid-19 outbreak, the bogus videos of patients having side effects while they had other conditions were the most extensively shared hoaxes and fake news on Twitter.But in the end, a lot of Twitter users didn't examine the video and quickly published it on other accounts after it was swamped, even though other user profiles on the platform disseminated it portraying themselves as victims of COVID-19.

Method
Qualitative descriptive methodologies were employed by researchers.data gathered in October 2020 from observations and interviews.Since the goal was to identify instances of fake news abuse on Twitter related to the Covid-19 case, qualitative descriptive methodologies were also employed.The qualitative method, according to Sugiyono (2018), is a research approach that is applied in a scientific environment (experiment) and is philosophically grounded.It offers researchers tools, procedures, data gathering, and qualitative analysis.The aim of this study is to characterize a circumstance or occurrence in which gathering, organizing, and evaluating data is accompanied by analysis and interpretation of the information to ascertain its significance.Thus, to get observational results, researchers employ qualitative research methods.
Primary data was used as the data source for this study.Primary data is defined as information that researchers can access directly by Sugiyono (2013).Direct interviews were held with the individuals chosen to serve as research informants.Researchers can use the results right away to address study issues after they are gathered and saved.Using Twitter as the primary information source, interviews with members of the general public were conducted to gather basic data for this study.
Additionally, Sugiyono (2017) describes secondary data as a source of information that researchers are unable to directly collect.This data was acquired via a different source.Written data, or sources other than words and actions that are included as extra data sources but are crucial to the data gathering process, is what was received.Secondary Information Researchers gathered information for this study via Twitter, which can be insightful, particularly when it comes to topics that the researchers are interested in studying.Sugiyono (2016) states that purposive sampling or snowball approaches might be employed during the process of qualitative methodologies.Purposive sampling was the method used to decide the sampling in this study.A sample strategy based on preset factors is called a targeted sampling technique.In order to facilitate the processing of data for research purposes, researchers selected members of the general public who use Twitter for this study.
The objective of this research is to delineate a scenario or occurrence in which this undertaking encompasses not solely the gathering and consolidation of information, but also the examination and interpretation of the data to ascertain its significance.Researchers utilize qualitative research methods to acquire observational findings Liana, C., & Soemardjo, H. A. (2022).Effective data capture strategies play a crucial role in the realm of data acquisition research.The research employs a qualitative research methodology as the primary means of data collecting, thereby serving as a reliable and transparent source of information.In qualitative research, Sugiyono (2019)  Triangulation is a method of gathering data that integrates various data collection techniques and existing data sources.When a researcher use triangulation to gather data, they are effectively assessing the dependability of the data by employing many data collection methodologies and sources.According to Sugiyono (2012), data analysis entails a systematic approach to gathering and organizing information through observation and recording.This process involves constructing a model, selecting the subject of study, and generating conclusions that serve to facilitate the process of observation and documentation.It is clear to both the user and the reader.According to Sugiyono (2012:246), Miles and Huberman clarified that data analysis tasks encompass: a.The process of reducing data (data reduction) Data reduction involves the process of summarizing, selecting key topics, highlighting significant issues, and identifying patterns or themes.The aforementioned data will thereafter offer a more comprehensive depiction and facilitate the process of data collection for researchers.

b. Data Presentation (Data Display)
The presentation of this data facilitates researchers in obtaining a full understanding of the research findings.According to Sugiyono (2018), qualitative research allows for the presentation of data through many means such as concise descriptions, graphs, links between classes, flowcharts, and so on.In order to enhance comprehension of the subjects and issues addressed in this research, as well as to facilitate accurate assessment of future actions based on past events and informed planning for the future Suyasa, I. M.., Putri, P. I. D., & Suparna, P. (2022).Nurudin (2014) posits that this theory elucidates the impact of social media in satisfying the requirements of its users, resulting in diverse effects.The theory proposed by Blumer and Katz places significant emphasis on the active involvement of the media in both the selection and utilization of media.Media consumers play an active role in the process of communication.Media consumers play an active role in the process of communication.Media consumers seek out the most suitable media outlets that align with their specific requirements.The concept, initially proposed by Sven Windahl in 1979, is a fusion of the use and satisfaction methodologies.The concept "use" holds significant importance and serves as a crucial component of this cognitive process.Mass communication refers to the understanding and utilization of media for various purposes.Mass media encompasses various interpretations.This suggests that exposure is solely associated with observation.

Results and Discussion
In alternative scenarios, this comprehension can entail a more intricate procedure wherein content linked to specific anticipations can be satisfied.The primary emphasis of this theory lies in the secondary interpretation.Mass media encompasses various interpretations.It might signify "exposure", which essentially denotes the act of observing.Media usage and pleasure are primarily influenced by an individual's fundamental requirements, whereas the impact of media usage is influenced by other factors, with needs being just one of them.An individual's decision to use media content or not is influenced by their particular qualities, expectations, views of media, and the level of access to media.
In the city of Yogyakarta, the findings from informant interviews pertaining to the utilization of Twitter for the purpose of anticipating Covid-19 hoax news reveal that each informant possesses distinct experiences and approaches in addressing the dissemination of hoax news associated with the Covid-19 pandemic.Multiple sources clarified that Twitter's reporting and blocking functionalities are highly effective in halting news dissemination.Fraud.In addition to this, individuals occasionally address fabricated Covid-19 news by directly referencing the official Yogyakarta government account and seeking clarification regarding the accuracy of the circulating information.This demonstrates the interconnectedness between the community, specifically the users, and the Twitter social media platform, specifically in addressing many challenges on social media, particularly Twitter.Nurudin (2014) proposes a categorization of the uses and gratifications theory in relation to the utilization of Twitter for the purpose of anticipating hoax Covid-19 news in the city of Yogyakarta.

1) Cognitive needs
Cognitive demands pertain to the verification of information, knowledge, and comprehension of the surrounding environment.This requirement stems from the aspiration to comprehend and excel in the surroundings, while also gratifying our inquisitiveness and motivation for exploration.Based on the findings of a study done by researchers, it can be concluded that the cognitive needs of the community are indeed valid, as a significant proportion of individuals rely on Twitter as a primary source of information pertaining to the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as for verifying the accuracy of circulating news.This assertion is substantiated by the findings derived from the researcher's interviews conducted with informants.

2) Affective needs
This requirement pertains to the validation of visual, enjoyable, and affective encounters.The findings from interviews with informants revealed that a significant proportion of participants addressed their emotional needs through the use of Twitter.They utilize Twitter as a platform to disseminate both moments and emotions pertaining to individuals impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic.They disseminate information on the growing number of Covid-19 patients and their conditions through images or films, which can frequently lead to misunderstandings among viewers and result in widespread dissemination of news.Significantly divergent from the initial news.

3) Integrative personal needs
The requirements pertaining to the establishment of credibility, trust, stability, and individual status.The aforementioned items were acquired with the intention of acquiring up-to-date information regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in the urban area of Yogyakarta, as well as to ascertain the veracity of the disseminated news.According to the findings from interviews, it was revealed that a portion of the participants only utilized the Twitter social media platform for the purpose of accessing up-to-date news and staying informed about the latest events pertaining to the Covid-19 situation in the city of Yogyakarta.In addition, informants regarded Twitter as the most expeditious social media platform for disseminating news, as well as the most efficient in addressing false information.

4) Integrative social needs
Requirements pertaining to the establishment of communication with family, friends, and the global community.These phenomena are predicated upon the inclination towards connection.This requirement pertains to the domain of communication.The findings from interviews conducted by researchers revealed that most informants utilized Twitter as a means of communication, both with the external community to share information about the progress of the Covid-19 case and collectively to uncover the truth behind the spread of false news.

5) Need for release
The requirements pertaining to endeavors aimed at mitigating stress, anxiety, and the aspiration for diversity.Twitter serves as a platform for the widespread dissemination of information.The findings from a study involving many informants corroborated the notion that Twitter serves as a platform for disseminating false information regarding Covid-19 cases.Additionally, some informants reported utilizing Twitter's reporting and blocking functionalities to impede the dissemination of Covid-19 hoax news

Conclusion
Based on the findings and deliberations conducted to ascertain the utilization of Twitter as a means to address the dissemination of false information pertaining to Covid-19 cases within the urban area of Yogyakarta.The responses provided by each informant were nearly same, leading to the inference that Twitter users in Yogyakarta concurred on the efficacy of utilizing the report tweet and account blocking functionalities as a means to combat fraudulent activities.In addition to collecting data on the utilization of features.The prevalence of hoaxes pertaining to the Covid-19 case in the Yogyakarta region on Twitter is a common observation among informants.The majority of frauds that emerge originate from retweets made by their followers.The remaining content is derived from the replies, likes, and autobase accounts of the followers.Out of the 10 individuals that provided information, 6 individuals reported tweets that they believed to be false information regarding the Covid-19 case in Yogyakarta.The utilization of Twitter in the anticipation of hoax Covid-19 news in the city of Yogyakarta can be classified into five distinct categories of requirements, as per the uses and gratifications theory.Firstly, individuals utilize Twitter as a means of accessing information pertaining to advancements in the Covid-19 case, while also verifying the veracity of the spreading news.Furthermore, the dissemination of photographs or videos pertaining to the escalating number of Covid-19 patients and their respective conditions can potentially lead to misinterpretations among viewers, resulting in a significant divergence between the disseminated news and the authentic information.Furthermore, integrative personal demands arise from the aspiration to acquire the most up-to-date knowledge regarding Covid-19 in the city of Yogyakarta, as well as the pursuit of truth through the dissemination of news.Furthermore, individuals utilize Twitter as an effective means of communication to share information pertaining to the latest developments in the Covid-19 situation, thereby addressing their integrative social demands.Furthermore, the necessity for dissemination renders Twitter a platform for verifying false information regarding Covid-19 cases and mitigating the propagation of such misinformation through the utilization of features such as reporting and blocking.
Based on the findings and deliberations conducted, the researcher aims to offer recommendations that can assist the public in being more selective when consuming information on social media.It is recommended that individuals utilize social media platforms based on their intended purpose, with particular emphasis on Twitter.Additionally, the public is advised to actively engage with various features of social media.Twitter has implemented measures to mitigate the dissemination of false information pertaining to the Covid-19 incident inside the urban area of Yogyakarta identifies three distinct data gathering instruments: observation, interviews, documentation, and trangulation.The criteria set by the author for selecting informants are: a. Twitter users aged 18 -30 years.b.Residing in Yogyakarta.c. Students from several campuses in Yogyakarta.